染雾分子生物学英语词汇 篇一
Introduction to Molecular Biology Vocabulary
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of the structure and function of biological macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. It plays a crucial role in understanding the molecular mechanisms of life processes and has significant applications in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. In this article, we will explore some essential molecular biology vocabulary.
1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): DNA is a double-stranded helical molecule that carries the genetic information in all living organisms. It consists of nucleotides, which are composed of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).
2. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): RNA is a single-stranded molecule that plays a vital role in gene expression. It is involved in various processes, including transcription, translation, and regulation of gene expression. Similar to DNA, RNA is composed of nucleotides, but it contains the base uracil instead of thymine.
3. Protein: Proteins are large biological macromolecules that perform a wide range of functions in cells. They are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins play critical roles in cell signaling, enzymatic reactions, structural support, and transport of molecules.
4. Gene: A gene is a specific sequence of DNA that contains the instructions for synthesizing a particular protein or RNA molecule. Genes are the fundamental units of heredity and determine the traits and characteristics of an organism.
5. Transcription: Transcription is the process by which an RNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template. It involves the enzyme RNA polymerase, which catalyzes the formation of RNA using complementary base pairing with the DNA template.
6. Translation: Translation is the process by which the genetic information carried by mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It occurs on ribosomes and involves the decoding of the mRNA sequence into a specific sequence of amino acids.
7. Mutation: A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by various factors, such as chemicals or radiation. They can lead to alterations in protein structure and function, potentially causing genetic diseases or cancer.
8. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR is a widely used technique in molecular biology that allows for the amplification of a specific DNA sequence. It involves cycles of heating and cooling to denature the DNA, anneal primers, and synthesize new DNA strands using a DNA polymerase enzyme.
9. Cloning: Cloning refers to the process of producing genetically identical copies of a DNA fragment, cell, or organism. It can be achieved by various methods, including recombinant DNA technology and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
10. Genomics: Genomics is the study of the structure, function, and evolution of genomes. It involves the analysis of DNA sequences, gene expression patterns, and the identification of genes associated with specific traits or diseases.
In conclusion, understanding the vocabulary of molecular biology is essential for comprehending the intricate mechanisms of life at the molecular level. These terms provide a foundation for further exploration and research in the field of molecular biology.
分子生物学英语词汇 篇二
Applications of Molecular Biology in Medicine
Molecular biology has revolutionized the field of medicine by providing valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of diseases and enabling the development of advanced diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this article, we will explore some key applications of molecular biology in medicine.
1. Genetic Testing: Molecular biology techniques, such as DNA sequencing and PCR, are used in genetic testing to identify genetic variations associated with inherited diseases or predisposition to certain conditions. This information helps in diagnosing individuals, predicting disease risk, and guiding treatment decisions.
2. Personalized Medicine: Molecular biology has paved the way for personalized medicine, which involves tailoring medical treatments to an individual's genetic makeup. By analyzing a patient's genetic information, doctors can determine the most effective medication and dosage, reducing the risk of adverse drug reactions and optimizing treatment outcomes.
3. Gene Therapy: Gene therapy utilizes molecular biology techniques to introduce functional genes into a patient's cells to treat genetic disorders. It holds the potential to cure or alleviate the symptoms of diseases caused by genetic mutations, such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and certain types of cancer.
4. Cancer Research: Molecular biology has greatly contributed to our understanding of cancer biology and has led to the development of targeted therapies. Techniques like DNA sequencing and gene expression analysis help identify genetic alterations that drive cancer progression, enabling the development of precision medicine approaches.
5. Infectious Disease Diagnosis: Molecular biology-based methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), have revolutionized the diagnosis of infectious diseases. These techniques allow for the rapid and accurate detection of pathogens, enabling early intervention and appropriate treatment.
6. Pharmacogenomics: Pharmacogenomics combines molecular biology and pharmacology to study how an individual's genetic makeup influences their response to medications. By identifying genetic variations that affect drug metabolism and efficacy, pharmacogenomics helps optimize drug selection and dosage for individual patients.
7. Stem Cell Research: Molecular biology techniques enable the isolation, characterization, and manipulation of stem cells, which hold great potential for regenerative medicine. Stem cell-based therapies have the potential to treat various degenerative diseases, injuries, and conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injuries, and diabetes.
8. Molecular Diagnostics: Molecular biology-based diagnostic tests, such as PCR and next-generation sequencing, have revolutionized the field of diagnostics. These tests allow for the detection and characterization of pathogens, identification of genetic mutations, and monitoring of treatment response, providing valuable information for clinical decision-making.
In conclusion, molecular biology has transformed the field of medicine by providing powerful tools and insights into disease mechanisms. The applications mentioned above are just a few examples of how molecular biology continues to advance healthcare, leading to improved diagnostics, personalized treatments, and potential cures for various diseases.
分子生物学英语词汇 篇三
A band A带A chromosome A染色体[二倍体染色体组中的正常染色体（不同于B染色体）]
A site [核糖体]A部位
ABA 脱落酸
abasic site 脱碱基位点，无碱基位点
abaxial 远轴的
abequose 阿比可糖，beta脱氧岩藻糖
aberrant splicing 异常剪接
aberration 象差；畸变；失常
abiogenesis 自然发生论，无生源论
ablastin 抑殖素（抑制微生物细胞分裂或生殖的一种抗体）
abnormal distrbution 非正态分布
abnormality 异常，失常；畸形，畸变
ABO blood group system ABO血型系统
aboriginal mouse 原生鼠
abortin 流产素
abortion 流产，败育
abortive egg 败育卵
abortive infection 流产（性）感染
abortive transduction 流产（性）转导
ABP 肌动蛋白结合蛋白
abrin 相思豆毒蛋白
abscisic acid 脱落酸
abscission 脱落
absolute 绝对的
absolute configuration 绝对构型
absolute counting 绝对测量
absolute deviation 绝对偏差
absolute error 绝对误差
absorbance 吸收，吸光度
absorbed dose 吸收剂量
absorbent 吸收剂
absorptiometer 吸光计
absorptiometry 吸光测定法
absorption 吸收
absorption band 吸收谱带
absorption cell 吸收池
absorption coefficient 吸收系数
absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱法
absorption spectrum 吸收光谱；吸收谱
absorptive endocytosis 吸收（型）胞吞（作用）
absorptive pinocytosis 吸收（型）胞饮（作用）
absorptivity 吸光系数；吸收性
abundance 丰度
abundant 丰富的，高丰度的
abundant mRNAs 高丰度mRNA
abzyme 抗体酶
acaricidin 杀螨剂
accedent variation 偶然变异
accelerated flow method 加速流动法
accepting arm [tRNA的]接纳臂
acceptor 接纳体，（接）受体
acceptor site 接纳位点，接受位点
acceptor splicing site 剪接受体
acceptor stem [tRNA的]接纳茎
accessible 可及的
accessible promoter 可及启动子
accessible surface 可及表面
accessory 零件，附件；辅助的
accessory cell 佐细胞
accessory chromosome 副染色体
accessory factor 辅助因子
accessory nucleus 副核
accessory pigment 辅助色素
accessory protein 辅助蛋白（质）
accommodation 顺应
accumulation 积累，累积
accuracy 准确度
acenaphthene 二氢苊
acene 并苯
acentric 无着丝粒的
acentric fragment 无着丝粒断片
acentric ring 无着丝粒环
acetal 缩醛
acetaldehyde 乙醛
acetalresin 缩醛树脂
acetamidase 乙酰胺酶
acetamide 乙酰胺
acetate 乙酸盐
acetic acid 乙酸，醋酸
acetic acid bacteria 乙酸菌，醋酸菌
acetic anhydride 乙酸酐
acetification 乙酸化作用，醋化作用
acetin 乙酸甘油酯，三乙酰甘油酯
acetoacetic acid 乙酰乙酸
Acetobacter 醋杆菌属
acetogen 产乙酸菌
acetogenic bacteria 产乙酸菌
acetome body 酮体
acetome powder 丙酮制粉[在-30度以下加丙酮制成的蛋白质匀浆物]
acetomitrile 乙腈
acetone 丙酮
acetyl 乙酰基
acetyl coenzyme A 乙酰辅酶A
acetylcholine 乙酰胆碱
acetylcholine agonist 乙酰胆碱拮抗剂
acetylcholine receptor 乙酰胆碱受体
acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶
acetylene 乙炔
acetylene reduction test 乙炔还原试验[检查生物体的固氮能力]
acetylglucosaminidase 乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶
acetylglutamate synthetase 乙酰谷氨酸合成酶
acetylsalicylate 乙酰水杨酸；乙酰水杨酸盐、酯、根
acetylsalicylic acid 乙酰水杨酸
acetylspiramycin 乙酰螺旋霉素
AchE 乙酰胆碱酯酶
achiral 非手性的
acholeplasma 无胆甾原体
AchR 乙酰胆碱受体
achromatic 消色的；消色差的
achromatic color 无色
achromatic lens 消色差透镜
achromatin 非染色质
acid catalysis 酸催化
acid fibroblast growth factor 酸性成纤维细胞生长因子
acid fuchsin 酸性品红
acid glycoprotein 酸性糖蛋白
acid hydrolyzed casein 酸水解酪蛋白
acid medium 酸性培养基
acid mucopolysaccharide 酸性粘多糖
acid phosphatase 酸性磷酸酶
acid protease 酸性蛋白酶
acid solvent 酸性溶剂
acidic 酸性的
acidic amino acid 酸性氨基酸
acidic protein 酸性蛋白质[有时特指非组蛋白]
acidic transactivator 酸性反式激活蛋白
acidic transcription activator 酸性转录激活蛋白
acidification 酸化（作用）
acidifying 酸化（作用）
acidolysis 酸解
acidophilia 嗜酸性
acidophilic bacteria 嗜酸菌
acidophilous milk 酸奶
aclacinomycin 阿克拉霉素
acoelomata 无体腔动物
acomitic acid 乌头酸
aconitase 顺乌头酸酶
aconitate 乌头酸；乌头酸盐、酯、根
aconitine 乌头碱
aconitum alkaloid 乌头属生物碱
ACP 酰基载体蛋白
acquired character 获得性状
acquired immunity 获得性免疫
acridine 吖啶
acridine alkaloid 吖啶（类）生物碱
acridine dye 吖啶燃料
acridine orange 吖啶橙
acridine yellow 吖啶黄
acriflavine 吖啶黄素
acroblast 原顶体
acrocentric chromosome 近端着丝染色体
acrolein 丙烯醛
acrolein polymer 丙烯醛类聚合物
acrolein resin 丙烯醛树脂
acropetal translocation 向顶运输
acrosin 顶体蛋白
acrosomal protease 顶体蛋白酶
acrosomal reaction 顶体反应
acrosome 顶体
acrosome reaction 顶体反应
acrosomic granule 原顶体
acrosyndesis 端部联会
acrylamide 丙烯酰胺
acrylate 丙烯酸酯、盐
acrylic acid 丙烯酸
acrylic polymer 丙烯酸（酯）类聚合物
acrylic resin 丙烯酸（酯）类树脂
acrylketone 丙烯酮
acrylonitrile 丙烯腈
actidione 放线（菌）酮[即环己酰亚胺]
actin 肌动蛋白
actin filament 肌动蛋白丝
actinin 辅肌动蛋白[分为alfa、beta两种，beta蛋白即加帽蛋白]
actinmicrofilament 肌动蛋白微丝
actinometer 化学光度计
actinomorphy 辐射对称[用于描述植物的花]
actinomycetes 放线菌
actinomycin D 放线菌素D
actinospectacin 放线壮观素，壮观霉素，奇霉素
action 作用
action current 动作电流
action potential 动作电位
action spectrum 动作光谱
activated sludge 活性污泥
activated support 活化支持体
activating group 活化基团
activating transcription factor 转录激活因子
activation 激活；活化
activation analysis 活化分析
activation energy 活化能
activator 激活物，激活剂，激活蛋白
activator protein 激活蛋白
active absorption 主动吸收
active biomass 活生物质
active carbon 活性碳
active center 活性中心
active chromatin 活性染色质
active dry yeast 活性干酵母
active dydrogen compounds 活性氢化合物
active ester of amino acid 氨基酸的活化酯
active hydrogen 活性氢
active immunity 主动免疫
active oxygen 活性氧
active site 活性部位，活性中心
active transport 主动转运
active uptake 主动吸收
activin 活化素[由垂体合成并由睾丸和卵巢分泌的性激素]
activity 活性，活度，（放射性）活度
actomyosin 肌动球蛋白
actophorin 载肌动蛋白[一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白]
acute 急性的
acute infection 急性感染
acute phase 急性期
acute phase protein 急性期蛋白，急相蛋白
acute phase reaction 急性期反应，急相反应[炎症反应急性期机体的防御反应]
acute phase reactive protein 急性期反应蛋白，急相反应蛋白
acute phase response 急性期反应，急相反应
acute toxicity 急性毒性
ACV 无环鸟苷
acyclic nucleotide 无环核苷酸
acycloguanosine 无环鸟苷，9-（2-羟乙氧甲基）鸟嘌呤
acyclovir 无环鸟苷
acyl 酰基
acyl carrier protein 酰基载体蛋白
acyl cation 酰（基）正离子
acyl chloride 酰氯
acyl CoA 脂酰辅酶A
acyl coenzyem A 脂酰辅酶A
acyl fluoride 酰氟
acyl halide 酰卤
acylamino acid 酰基氨基酸
acylase 酰基转移酶
acylating agent 酰化剂
acylation 酰化
acylazide 酰叠氮
acylbromide 酰溴
acyloin 偶姻
acyltransferase 酰基转移酶
adamantanamine 金刚烷胺[曾用作抗病毒剂]
adamantane 金刚烷
adaptability 适应性
adaptation 适应
adapter 衔接头；衔接子
adapter protein 衔接蛋白质
adaptin 衔接蛋白[衔接网格蛋白与其他蛋白的胞质区]
adaptive behavior 适应性行为
adaptive enzyme 适应酶
adaptive molecule 衔接分子
adaptive response 适应反应[大肠杆菌中的DNA修复系统]
adaptor 衔接头；衔接子
adaxial 近轴的
addition 加成
addition compound 加成化合物
addition haploid 附加单倍体
addition line 附加系
additive 添加物，添加剂
additive effect 加性效应
additive genetic variance 加性遗传方差
additive recombination 插入重组，加插重组[因DNA插入而引起的基因重组]
addressin 地址素[选择蛋白(selectin)的寡糖配体，与淋巴细胞归巢有关]
adducin 内收蛋白[一种细胞膜骨架蛋白，可与钙调蛋白结合]
adduct 加合物，加成化合物
adduct ion 加合离子
adenine 腺嘌呤
adenine arabinoside 啊糖腺苷
adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶
adenoma 腺瘤
adenosine 腺嘌呤核苷，腺苷
adenosine deaminase 腺苷脱氨酶
adenosine diphoshate 腺苷二磷酸
adenosine monophosphate 腺苷（一磷）酸
adenosine phosphosulfate 腺苷酰硫酸
adenosine triphosphatase 腺苷三磷酸酶
adenosine triphosphate 腺苷三磷酸
adenovirus 腺病毒
adenylate 腺苷酸；腺苷酸盐、酯、根
adenylate cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶
adenylate energy charge 腺苷酸能荷
adenylate kinase 腺苷酸激酶
adenylic acid 腺苷酸
adenylyl cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶
adenylylation 腺苷酰化
adherence 粘着，粘附，粘连；贴壁
adherent cell 贴壁赴
allose 阿洛糖
allosome 异染色体
allosteric activation 别构激活，别构活化
allosteric activator 别构激活剂，别构活化剂
allosteric control 别构调节
allosteric effect 别构效应
allosteric effector 别构剂
allosteric enzyme 别构酶
allosteric inbibition 别构抑制
allosteric inbibitor 别构抑制剂
allosteric interaction 别构作用
allosteric ligand 别构配体
allosteric protein 别构蛋白
allosteric regulation 别构调节
allosteric site 别构部位
allosteric transition 别构转换[由别构剂所引起的蛋白质构象变化]
allosterism 别构，变构
allostery 别构性
allosynapsis 异源联会
allotope 同种异型位
allotrope 同素异形体
allotrtraploid 异源四倍体
allotype 同种异型
allotypic antigen 同种异型抗原
allotypic determinant 同种异型决定簇
allotypic marker 同种异型标记
allotypy 同种异型性
alloxan 四氧嘧啶
allozyme 同种异型酶
allyl 烯丙基
allyl resin 烯丙基树脂
allysine 醛（基）赖氨酸
alphavirus 甲病毒属[属于披膜病毒科]
alternate segregation 相间分离
alternating copolymer 交替共聚物
alternating copolymerization 交替共聚合
alternation of generations 世代交替
alternative 另一种的，交替的，备择的
alternative complement pathway 补体旁路
alternative pathway of complement 补体旁路（途径）
alternative polyadenylation 可变聚腺苷酸化
alternative RNA processing 可变RNA加工
alternative RNA splicing 可变RNA剪接，旁路RNA剪接
alternative splicing 可变剪接，旁路剪接
alternative splicing factor 可变剪接因子
alternative tra
alternative transcription initiation 可变转录起始
alternatively spliced mRNA 可变剪接的mRNA
altrose 阿卓糖
Alu family Alu家族
alum 矾，明矾
aluminia 氧化铝，矾土
alveolar gas exchange 肺泡气体交换
alveolar surfactant 肺泡表面活性物质
alytensin 产婆蟾（紧张）肽
Alzheimer disease 阿尔茨海默病，老年性痴呆
amaerobic 厌氧的
amalgam 汞齐
amalgam electrode 汞齐电极
amanin 鹅膏素
amanitine 鹅膏毒环肽
amantadine 金刚胺
amanullin 鹅膏无毒环肽
amaryllidaceae alkaloid 石蒜科生物碱
amastatin 氨肽酶抑制剂，抑氨肽酶肽
amatoxin 鹅膏毒素
amber codon 琥珀密码子[即UAA终止密码子]
amber mutant 琥珀突变体，琥珀突变型
amber mutation 琥珀突变
amber suppression 琥珀抑制
amber suppressor 琥珀（突变）抑制基因，琥珀（突变）抑制因子
Amberlite resin [商]Amberlite树脂，琥石树脂[Rohm&Haas公司离子交换树脂的商品名]
ambident 两可的
ambident ion 两可离子
ambient 周围的
ambient temperature 环境温度，室温
ambiguous codon 多义密码子
ambisense 双义
ambisense genome 双义基因组
ambisense RNA 双义RNA[同时编码蛋白质的病毒正链与负链RNA]
amboceper 双纳体[既有绵羊红细胞结合位点又有补体结合位点的抗体]
ambutyrosin 氨丁苷菌素
amensalism 偏害共栖
American Type Culture Collection 美国模式培养物保藏所
amerol 杀草强，氨基三唑
Ames test 埃姆斯试验
amethopterin 氨甲蝶呤
amicetin 友菌素
amicillin resistance 氨苄青霉素抗性
amidase 酰胺酶
amidated peptide 酰胺（化）肽
amide 酰胺
amidine 脒
amido black 酰胺黑[可用于蛋白质SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的染色]
amido bond 酰胺键
amido link 酰胺键
amido linkage 酰胺键
amidomycin 胺霉素
amidotrizoate 3,5-双乙酰氨基-2,4,6-三碘苯甲酸盐
amiloride 氨氯吡嗪脒[利尿药]
amination 氨基化
amine 胺
amine bormones 胺类激素
amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation
system 胺前体摄取（和）脱羧系统，APUD系统[可提取胺前体并进行脱羧而产生肽类或活性胺的细胞系统]
amine transporter 胺转运蛋白
Aminex resin [商]Aminex树脂[Bio-Rad公司离子交换树脂的商品名，一类HPLC级球形介质，是带功能基的苯乙烯
