医学专业英语翻译 篇一
Title: The Importance of Medical English Translation in Healthcare
Introduction:
In today's globalized world, the field of medicine has become increasingly diverse and interconnected. As a result, the ability to effectively communicate in medical English has become essential for healthcare professionals. This article aims to highlight the importance of medical English translation in healthcare, focusing on the benefits it brings to both patients and medical practitioners.
Body:
1. Improving patient care:
Accurate medical English translation ensures effective communication between healthcare professionals and patients who speak different languages. It allows patients to fully understand their condition, treatment options, and any potential risks involved. This promotes patient autonomy and informed decision-making, leading to improved overall healthcare outcomes.
2. Enhancing doctor-patient relationship:
Language barriers can create a sense of distance and distrust between doctors and patients. By providing medical English translation services, doctors can establish a stronger rapport with their patients, fostering trust and empathy. This facilitates open communication, which is crucial for accurate diagnosis, treatment adherence, and patient satisfaction.
3. Facilitating international collaboration:
Medical research and advancements are often shared on an international scale. Accurate medical English translation enables healthcare professionals worldwide to access and understand the latest findings, contributing to the global progress of medicine. It also promotes collaboration between researchers and clinicians from different countries, leading to improved healthcare standards and innovative approaches to treatment.
4. Ensuring patient safety:
Miscommunication due to language barriers can have serious consequences in healthcare. Accurate translation of medical documents, such as patient medical histories, lab reports, and medication instructions, is crucial to prevent medication errors, misdiagnosis, and other potential risks. Medical English translation plays a vital role in ensuring patient safety and minimizing adverse events.
Conclusion:
Medical English translation plays a crucial role in today's healthcare landscape. It improves patient care, enhances the doctor-patient relationship, facilitates international collaboration, and ensures patient safety. As the world becomes more interconnected, the demand for accurate and reliable medical English translation will continue to grow, benefiting both patients and healthcare practitioners.
Word count: 327
医学专业英语翻译 篇二
Title: Challenges and Solutions in Medical English Translation
Introduction:
Medical English translation is a specialized field that requires a deep understanding of both medical terminology and linguistic nuances. This article discusses the challenges faced by medical translators and provides potential solutions to overcome them.
Body:
1. Complex medical terminology:
Medical texts are filled with complex terminology that can be challenging to translate accurately. Translators must possess a solid knowledge of medical terminology in both the source and target languages to ensure precise and contextually appropriate translations. Continuous learning and collaboration with subject matter experts can help overcome this challenge.
2. Cultural and linguistic differences:
Medical English translation often involves translating texts from one language and culture to another. Translators must be aware of cultural and linguistic differences to ensure that the translated text is culturally appropriate and easily understandable for the target audience. Adapting idiomatic expressions, cultural references, and local medical practices are essential in maintaining the accuracy and effectiveness of the translation.
3. Time constraints:
Medical translation projects often have tight deadlines, especially when it comes to urgent medical reports, research papers, or pharmaceutical documents. Translators need to manage their time effectively, utilizing translation tools, glossaries, and reference materials to ensure efficient and accurate translations. Collaboration with project managers and clients can help establish realistic timelines and prioritize tasks accordingly.
4. Ensuring accuracy and consistency:
Medical translations require a high level of accuracy and consistency to avoid misunderstandings and potential risks. Utilizing translation memory tools, glossaries, and proofreading by subject matter experts can help maintain consistency in terminology and style. Thorough quality assurance processes, such as peer review and back translation, can also ensure the accuracy of the translated text.
Conclusion:
Medical English translation is a complex and demanding task that requires expertise in both medical knowledge and linguistic skills. By understanding and addressing the challenges faced in medical translation, translators can provide accurate and culturally appropriate translations that contribute to effective communication in the field of medicine.
Word count: 305
医学专业英语翻译 篇三
医学专业英语翻译如下: portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机,轻便牙钻 portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管,滴酸器 portal 门,入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管,滴酸器 porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器,缚线把持器 porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托 portion 部分,段,份 portligature 深部结扎器,缚线把线器 port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术 portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子,阳向离子 position 位置,状态 positioner 定位器(牙),位置控制器 position finder 定向仪,定位仪 position indicator 位置指示器 position-sensor 位置传感器 positive ①正片 ②阳性的,正的 positive charge 阳电荷,正电荷 positive electricity 阳电,正电 positive electrode 阳电极,正极 positive potential 正电位 positive pressure 正压 positive rays 阳极射线 kpositive valence 正价 positor 复位器 positrocephalogram 阳电子脑瘤定位(描记)图 positron 正电子,阳电子 positron decay 正电子衰变 possess 占有,具有 post ①柱,杆,接线柱 ②邮寄,邮件 post- 后,在后,次 postage 邮费,邮资 postage free 免付邮资,邮费付讫 postage paid 邮费已付,邮资付讫 postage stamp 邮票 postal parcel 邮政包裹 post box 信箱 postcode 邮政编码 postdelivery room 产后室 posterior 后面的,其次的,以后的 posterior bite guide 后咬导,后咬合标 posterior forceps 后钳,大钳 posterior rhinoscope 后鼻镜 posterior urethral sound 后尿道探子 post-extractor 拔柱器 postmortem knife 尸体解剖刀 postnasal scissors 后鼻剪 postoperative 手术后的 postoperative bronchioscopic aspiration 术后支气管镜吸引术 post partum 产后 postpone 推迟,延期,搁置 posture 姿势,体位 posturography 姿势描记术 pot ①罐,缸,坩埚 ②盘,箱 potassium 钾 potency 能力,效力,效能 potential 电位,电势,位能 potential difference 电位差,电势差 potential energy 位能,势能 potentiation 增强作用 potentiometer ①电位器,电势计 ②分压器 potentiometr titration 电位滴定法 pot mill 罐式球磨机 pouch 盒,袋 pound ①磅(合.6 克) ②镑(等于 便上,略作£或L) pour 灌注,流出,倒 powder 粉,粉剂 powder-blower 吹粉器 powder camera 粉末照像机 powder catcher 粉末收集器(牙科) powder dredger 撒粉器 powder duster 撒粉器 powder funnel 药粉漏斗 powder measure 量药粉器 power ①电源,功率 ②(显微镜放大)倍数 power amplifier 功率放大器 power consumption 耗电功率,功耗 power cord 电源线 power lead 电源线 power pack 电源部分,供电部分,电源组 power reguirements 供电要求 power saver 省电器 power source 电源 power s
prayer 电动喷雾器 power supply(abbr.P.S.) 电源供应,供电 power supply complete module 电源接通组件 power switch 电源开关 power transformer 电源变压器 ppm (parts per million) 兆北率(百万分之几) P.Q. (permeability quotient) 渗透商 Pr (1.praseodymium 2.prism) ①镨 ②棱镜 practical 实际的,实用的 practical analytical balance 实用分析天平 practice 实际,实行,实践 praseodymium (abbr.Pr) 镨 pratique (海港)检疫证书 praxinoscope 教学用喉动态镜 praxis 行为 pre- 在前,先,预先 preamble 导言,序言 preamplification 前置放大 preamplifier 前置放大器 precaution 小心,谨慎,预防措施 precede ,优先,先于 precedence 优先 precedent 先例,前例 preceding 先前的,上述的 precious ①贵重的,珍贵的 ②完全的 precipitating bottle 沉淀瓶 precipitating jar 沉淀缸 precipitation 沉淀,析出 precipitation tube 沉淀管 precipitator 沉淀器 precipitometer 沉淀计 precise 精密的,精确的 precision ①精密度 ②精密,正确 precision balance 精密天平 precision manometer 精密测压计 precision single-apn balance 精密单盘天平 precision sliding microtome 精密滑动式切片机 precision thermometer 精密温度计(华氏1/5 度) preclude 排除,消除,妨碍 precooler 预冷器 precooling 预冷却 precordial cardiogram 心振动图 precordial leads 胸(前)导程,心前导程 precursor ①先躯 ②预兆 ③预报器 precut apparatus 预切器 predelivery room 待产室 predict 预言,预测,预报 predictor 预报器,预测器 predominant 主要的,优势的 pre-evaporator 初步蒸发器 prefabricate 预制,预制器 preface 序,序言 preheater 预热器 prelum ①压,加压 ②加压器 prelum arteriole 压脉器,止血带 premature ①早熟的 ②早产儿 premature incubator 早产婴儿培养箱 premature infant 早产儿 premium 保险费 prenatal 产前的,出生前的 preoperotive preparation 术前准备 preoperative care 术前护理 preparation 制剂,标本 preparation forceps 标本钳 preparation jar 标本缸 preparation centrifuge 超整制备离心机 prepotential 前电位 preprocessor 预加工器 prescription ①质量要求,规定指标 ②处方 prescription electrode 标准电极 prescription sieve 药筛 presence 存在,出席,出现 present-day 现代的,现在的 preservation 保存,保护,收藏,维护 preserver 储藏柜 preset ①预调,调整 ②预定的,预置的 preset apparatus 预先调节器 preset keys 预制按钮 preset timer 器 press ①压,按 ②压榨器 press cake 滤饼 press-fall tonometer 压陷式眼压计 press filter 压滤器 press-needle 揿针 pressometer 压力测量器 pressoreceptive 压力感受的 pressoreceptor 压力感受器 pressure ①压力,压缩 ②电压,气压 pressure algometer 压痛计 pressure bottle 耐压瓶 pressure breathing assister 加压呼吸辅助器 pressure controller 压力控制器 pressure-cooker 高压锅 pressure reducing valve 减压阀 pressure filter 加压过滤器,压滤器 pressure forceps 施压钳 pressure gauge 测压表,压力计 pressure-gradient transducer 压差换能器 pressuregraph 气压记录器 pressure meter 压力计 pressure monitor 压力监测器 pressure pump 压力(气)泵 pressure regulator 调压器 pressure sphygmobolometer 脉压描记器 pressure steam sterilizer 高压蒸汽消毒柜 pressure sterilizer 高压灭菌器 pressure transducer 压力换能器,血压传感器 pressure transmitter 压力传送器 pressurizer ①保持压力装置,增压装置 ②体积补偿器 presumption ①推测,假定 ②可能性 pretty 漂亮的,好的 prevalent 流行的,普通的 preventer 防护设备,防护装置 preventive 预防的,防止的 previous 以前的,预先的,上述的 price (abbr.pc) 价格,价目 price agreement 价格协定 price basis 价格条件 price catalogue (abbr. P/C) 价目表 pricker ①针,刺孔针 ②锥子 primal 最初的,原始的,主要的 primary 第一位的,主要的,原发的 primary battery 原电池组 primary cell 原电池 primary collecting duct 初级集合管 primary rectifier 初级整流器 principal 主要的,首要的 principle 原理,法则,成分 print 印刷,出版,晒图 printer 印刷机,打印机 printing machine 印字机,打印机 printing paper 晒象纸,印像纸 prior 先前,居先,更重要的 prism (abbr.Pr.) 棱镜 prismatic 棱镜的 prismatic condenser 棱镜式聚光镜 prismatic lens 棱镜(片) prismatic spectrum 棱镜光谱 prism diopter 棱镜屈光度 prism exophthalmometer 棱镜式突眼计 prismoptometer 三棱镜视力计 prismosphere 棱球镜 prisoptometer 三棱镜视力计 private 民间的,专用的,私有的 pro- 前,原,代,副 probability ①概率,机率 ②可能性,或然性 probability curve 概率曲线 probang 除鲠器,食管探子 probe 探头,探针,探子 probe and separator 探针和分离器 probe and supporter 探头和支托 probe electrode 探查电极 probe forceps 尖头镊 probe gorget 探查用有槽导子 probe-pointed bistoury 圆头细长刀 probe-pointed hook 圆头钩(耳用) probe-pointed scissors 圆头剪 prober 探测器,探导器 probe syringe 探察注射器 probe unit 探查设备 probe with chisel 有凿探针 probe with groove 有钩探针 probit 机率单位 problem 问题,难题 procedure 程序,操作,步骤,过程 proceed 前进,进行 process 过程,程序,方法,处理 processing apparatus 洗片机 processing machine 洗片机 processing system 处理系统 processor 处理机,处理装置 proclaim 宣布,表明 proct- 直肠,肛部 procteurynter 直肠扩张器 procteurysis 直肠扩张术 procto- 直肠,肛部 proctoclysis apparatus 直肠灌洗器 proctocolonoscopy 直肠结肠镜检查 proctocystotome 直肠膀胱刀 proctoscope 直肠镜 proctoscope tube 直肠镜管 proctoscopy 直肠镜检查 proctosigmoidectomy 直肠乙状结肠切除术 proctosigmoidoscope 直肠乙状结肠镜 proctostat 直肠用镭器 proctotokography 直肠子宫收缩描记术 proctotome 直肠刀 produce 生产,制造 producer 发生器,发生炉,振荡器 product 产品,结果,成分 profession (专门)职业,行业 professional ①职业的,专业的 ②内行,专家 profile roentgenogram 侧面X 射线照片 kprofilograph 面形描记器,面部轮廓描记器 profilometer 面形测定器 profondometer 深部异物定位器 proforma 形式上(的) proforma invoice 形式发票 prognathism 凸颌 prognathometer 颌凸测量器,颌凸计 prognosis 预后,预测 program 程序,计划,方案 program installation 程序装置 programmable calculator 程控计算机 programmable microprocessor pipet 微信息程序处理移液管 programmable pacemaker 程序控制心脏起搏器 programmable read-only memory 可编程序只读存储器 programmable recorder 程控记录器 programmable stimulator 程(序)控(制)刺激器 programmer 程序装置,程序调控器 progress 前进,进展,发展 progressive 进步的,累进的,递增的 prohibit 禁止,阻止 project ①方案,计划 ②投身,投影 projecting lamp 投影灯 projection ①投射,投影 ②投影图 projection focimeter 投影焦点计 projection microscope 投射显微镜,投影显微镜 projection perimeter 投射式视野计 projective 投射的,投影的 projective perimeter 投影式视野计 projector 投影仪,幻灯机,放映机 projector scope 投射器 prologue 序言,序幕 promotion 增进,助长,加速 prong 尖头,叉,管脚 prong fork 尖头叉 pronometer 前臂旋转计 proof ①证明、证据,检验 ②不能透过的 proof gallon 标准加仑 prop 支器,张器,支架 propeller 推进器,螺旋桨 propeller agitator 推进式搅拌器 property 性质,特性,性能 property filter 特性滤波器 prophetic 预言的,预示的 prophylaxis 预防 proportion 比例,比率,部分 proportional 成比例的,相称的,比例数 proportional coumter 正比计数管 proportionality 比值,比例,相称 propose 提议,打算,建议 proprioceptor 本体感受器 proptometer 突眼计,眼球突出测量器 propulsive cathode (氢气)推液阴极 prosectorium 解剖室 prosopo- 颜面,面部 prosoposcopy 面部检视法 prostate 前列腺 prostatectomy forceps 前列腺摘除钳 prostatectomy knife 前列腺摘除刀 prostate suture unit 前列腺缝合器 prostatic catheter 前列腺导尿管 prostatic dissector 前列腺剥离器 prostatic electric cautery 前列腺电灼器 prostatic enucleator 前列腺剜出器 prostatic forceps 前列腺钳 prostatic lobe holding forceps 前列腺叶持钳 prostatic needle holder 前列腺持针器 prostatic tractor 前列腺牵引器 prostato- 前列腺 prostatogram 前列腺X 射线照片 prostatometer 前列腺测量器 kposthesis ①修补术 ②假体(假肢,假眼,假牙等) prosthesis inserter 移植物插入器 prosthetic 修复的,假体的 prosthetic aortic valve 人造主动脉瓣 prosthetic device 假肢器官装置 prosthetic lens 人造晶状体 prot- 原,第一,原始的 protactinium (abbr.Pa) 钋 protal 先天的 protecting equipment 防护设备 protecting net 护痘网罩 protecting tube 保护管 protection ①保护,防护 ②保护装置 protection cover 防护罩 protective apron 防护围裙 protective clothing 防护衣 protective dressing 保护敷料 protective glass ①防X 射线玻璃 ②防护眼镜 protective gloves 防护手套 protective goggles 防护眼镜 protective lead-glass 防护铅玻璃 protective mast 防护面罩 protective nastfilter 防护面罩滤器 protective material 防护材料 protective shield 防护屏 protective spectacles 护目镜 protector ①保护器,防护罩 ②保险丝 protein 蛋白质 protein/peptideseguencey 微形蛋折白/多肽顺序仪 prothesis 修复术,假体 prothetic 修复的,假体的 proto- 原,第一,原始的 protocol 议定书,会谈备记录,草约 kprotometer 突眼计,眼球突出测量器 proton 质子 proton magnetic resonance 质磁共振 proton microscope 质子显微镜 proton synchrotron 质子同步加速器 protophase 前期 prototype 原型,样机 protractor 钳取器,异物取出器 prove 证明,判明,检验 provide 提供,供应 province 省,州,地方 provision ①准备,设备 ②供应,规定 provisional 暂时的,假定的 provisional ligature 临时结扎线 proximate 近似的,贴近的 P.S. (power supply) 电源 pseudo- 假,拟,伪 pseudoarthrosis 假关节 psophometer 噪声计,测听仪 prych-;psycho- 精神,心理 psyche 精神,心灵 psychergograph 心理反应描记器 psycho- 精神,心理 psychodiagnostics 心理(测验)诊断术 psychodometer 心理活动测时器,心理反应速度计 psychoelectrical 心理电的 psychogalvanometer 心理电流计,心理反应检测器 psychogram 心理记录表,心理变化记录图 psychograph 心理记录表,心理变化记录图 psychological stress 心理应力,心理刺激因素 psychometer ①精神测定器,用脑时间测定器 ②智力测定器 psychro- 冷,寒冷 psychrolusia 冷水浴 psychrometer 空气湿度计,干湿球湿度计 psychrophore 冷却导管,尿道施冷管 Pt(platinum) 铂 pterygium knife 翼胬状肉刀 pterygium scissors 翼状胬肉剪 Pu(plutonium) 钚 public 公共的,公众的,公开的 publication 发表,公布,发行,出版,刊物 public nuisance 公害 publish 发表,公布,出版 pull ①拉,拖,牵 ②拉力,牵引力 pull down 速冷点 puller 钳子,拆卸器 pulmo- 肺 pulmo-analyser 肺功能分析仪 pulmogram 肺X 射线(照)片 pulmometer 肺(容)量计 pulmometry 肺容量测定法 pulmonary 肺的 pulmonary artery forceps 肺动脉钳 pulmonary forceps 肺钳 pulmonary function analyser 肺功能分析仪 pulmonary function analysingsystem 肺功能分析系统 pulmonary function computer system 肺功能计算机系统 pulmonary function test apparatus 肺功能检查仪 pulmonary vessel clamp 肺血管钳 pulmonic 肺的,肺动脉的 pulmotester 肺功能测定器 pulmotor 人工呼吸器,自动供氧人工呼吸器 pulp canal drill 牙髓根管钻 pulp canal reamer 牙髓根管扩大针 pulp chamber bur 髓腔钻 pulpit 控制台,操纵台 pulpit spectacles 半片阅读镜 pulp tester 试髓器(牙) pulsation 搏动 pulsator 搏动式人工呼吸器 pulse 脉搏,脉冲 pulse amplifier 脉搏放大器,脉冲放大器 pulse clock 脉搏描记器,脉波计 pulse codr 脉冲编码器 pulse counter 脉冲计数器 pulse curve 脉搏曲线,脉搏图 pulse generator 脉搏发生器,脉冲发生器 pulse indicator 脉搏指示器 pulse laser 脉冲激光器 pulse oximeter 脉动血氧计 pulser 脉冲发生器 pulse selector 脉冲选择器 pulse transducer ①脉搏传感器 ②脉冲换能器 pulse transmitter 脉冲发射机 pulse wave transdncer 脉转换能器 pulse width 脉辐 pulsiloge 脉搏描记器 pulsilogram 脉搏描记曲线图 pulsimeter 脉力计 pulsometer 脉力计 pulverizer ①粉碎器,研粉机 ②喷雾器 pump 泵,唧筒 punp tachometer 泵转速计 punch 打孔凿,钻孔器 punch biopsy 钻取活组织检查 puncher 穿孔器 punch forceps 咬取钳,咬切钳 punching forceps 打孔钳 punching machine 钻孔机 punctograph (异物)定位X 射线照像器 punctumeter 眼调节计 puncture 穿刺 puncture needle 穿刺针 punktograph (异物)定位X 射线照像器 pupil 瞳孔 pupil distance measure 瞳孔距离测量器 pupil forceps 瞳孔镊 pupillary reflex 瞳孔反射 pupillo- 瞳孔 pupillogram 瞳孔散缩图 pupillometer 瞳孔计 pupillometry 瞳孔测量法 pupilloscope 瞳孔反应检查器,瞳孔镜 pupilloscopy 视网膜镜检查,瞳孔检影法 pupillostatometer 瞳孔距离计 purchase 购买 purchase confirmation 购货确认书 purchase contract 购货合同 purchaser 买方 pure 纯的,纯净的 pure tonecaudiometen 纯音听力计 pure tone frequency 纯音频率 pure weotersystem 纯水蒸溜系统 purification 净化,提纯,精制 purifier 净化器 purine 嘌呤 purinometer 尿嘌呤定量器 purity 纯度 purity rubric 品质标准,纯产度标准 purple 紫色,紫色指示剂 purpose 企图,打算,目的 pus-basin 脓盆 pus dish 脓盘 push 压,按(电钮),推 pushbutton 按钮 pushbutton timer 按钮定时器 pusher 推进器 push-pull amplifier 推挽式放大器 push-pull power amplifier 推挽式功率放大器 put 放,置,装上,附加 P-V (pressure-Volume) 压力容积 PVT (pressure, volume, temperature) 压力-体积-温度 pycnometer ①比重瓶,比重计 ②比色计 pyelo- 肾盂 pyelofluoroscopy 肾X 射线透视检查 pyelogram 肾盂X 射线照片,肾盂造影片 pyelograph 肾盂X 射线照片,肾盂造影片 pyelography 肾盂造影术 pyelometer 骨盆测量计,骨盆计 pyeloscope 肾盂镜 pyeloscopy 肾盂X 射线透视检查 pyeloiureterography 肾盂输尿管造影术 pygriometer 比重计 pykno- ①快速 ②致密,浓缩 pyknometer ①比重瓶 ②比重计 pyknometry 比重测量法 pylometer 输尿管梗阻测量器,输尿管测定器 pyloro- 幽门 pylorodilator 幽门扩张器 pyloroscopy 幽门镜检查 pylorus 幽门 pylorus clamp 幽门夹 pylorus spreader 幽门推开器 pyonex 梅花针 pyorrhea file 脓溢锉 pyorrhea knife ①龈刀 ②脓溢刀 pyorrhea syringe 脓溢注射器 pyreto- 热,发热 pyretometer 检温器 pyrheliometer 太阳热量计,日射强度计 pyro- 热,焦 pyroelectricity 热电,热电学 pyrogen 热源,致热物 pyrogenic test 热源试验 pyroheliometer 太阳热量计 pyrometer 高温计(系水银柱温度计无法测量的一种高温测量计) pyrometry 高温测量法 pyroscope 测热辐射器,高温计 Q. (electric quantity) 电量 Q-factor Q 因数(抗阻比因数,谐振线路或线圈的定格,Z/R,或简称Q ) qt (quart) 夸脱(1/4 加仑) quadrangle ①四角形 ②四角器 quadrangular arm-sling 四角臂吊带 quadrangular mitella 四角臂吊带 puadrant ①象限仪 ②象限 quadrate 正方形 quadri- 四,四倍 quadrivalent element 四价元素 quadrupole residual gas analyser 四极残余气体分析仪 qualification ①合格 ②规格 qualification test 合格试验,鉴定试验 qualimeter X 射线透度计,X 射线硬度计(测X 射线之硬度) qualitative analysis 定性分析 quality ①性质,质量 ②规格 quality certificate 品质证明书 quality claim 品质索赔 quality inspection 品质检验 quality specification 质量说明书 quantifier 计量器